I got this working in 7.1.8, but with the same setup in 7.2 I get an error when trying to save or edit a document type. The same happens for media types. If I set distributed calls to false, it works. 
Publishing new or changing exisiting pages works fine, and the changes gets distributed to all the servers as well.

Exception Details: System.NotSupportedException: This messenger cannot execute without a valid/current UmbracoContext with an HttpContext assigned

See attachement.

Can anyone try this in a dev environment and verify if it works or you get the same error?
No result in google on this error message. Anyone seen it before?

From the log:

2014-12-11 10:48:05,952 [38] INFO  Umbraco.Web.BatchedServerMessenger - [Thread 58] Submitting calls to distributed servers
2014-12-11 10:02:05,142 [38] ERROR Umbraco.Core.UmbracoApplicationBase - [Thread 59] An unhandled exception occurred

System.Web.HttpUnhandledException (0x80004005): Exception of type 'System.Web.HttpUnhandledException' was thrown. ---> System.NotSupportedException: This messenger cannot execute without a valid/current UmbracoContext with an HttpContext assigned

Server stack trace:
   at Umbraco.Web.BatchedServerMessenger.PerformDistributedCall(IEnumerable`1 servers, ICacheRefresher refresher, MessageType dispatchType, IEnumerable`1 ids, Type idArrayType, String jsonPayload)
   at Umbraco.Core.Sync.DefaultServerMessenger.MessageSeversForIdsOrJson(IEnumerable`1 servers, ICacheRefresher refresher, MessageType dispatchType, IEnumerable`1 ids, String jsonPayload)
   at Umbraco.Web.BatchedServerMessenger.MessageSeversForIdsOrJson(IEnumerable`1 servers, ICacheRefresher refresher, MessageType dispatchType, IEnumerable`1 ids, String jsonPayload)
   at Umbraco.Core.Sync.DefaultServerMessenger.PerformRefresh(IEnumerable`1 servers, ICacheRefresher refresher, String jsonPayload)
   at Umbraco.Web.Cache.DistributedCache.RefreshByJson(Guid factoryGuid, String jsonPayload)
   at Umbraco.Web.Cache.DistributedCacheExtensions.RefreshContentTypeCache(DistributedCache dc, IContentType contentType)
   at Umbraco.Core.EnumerableExtensions.ForEach[TItem](IEnumerable`1 items, Action`1 action)
   at Umbraco.Core.Services.ContentTypeService.Save(IContentType contentType, Int32 userId)
   at umbraco.cms.businesslogic.web.DocumentType.Save()
   at umbraco.controls.ContentTypeControlNew.<>c__DisplayClass9.b__4(SaveAsyncState asyncState)
   at System.Runtime.Remoting.Messaging.StackBuilderSink._PrivateProcessMessage(IntPtr md, Object[] args, Object server, Object[]& outArgs)
   at System.Runtime.Remoting.Messaging.StackBuilderSink.AsyncProcessMessage(IMessage msg, IMessageSink replySink)

Exception rethrown at [0]:
   at System.Runtime.Remoting.Proxies.RealProxy.EndInvokeHelper(Message reqMsg, Boolean bProxyCase)
   at System.Runtime.Remoting.Proxies.RemotingProxy.Invoke(Object NotUsed, MessageData& msgData)
   at System.Action`1.EndInvoke(IAsyncResult result)
   at System.Web.UI.PageAsyncTaskApm.d__3.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
   at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.ThrowForNonSuccess(Task task)
   at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.HandleNonSuccessAndDebuggerNotification(Task task)
   at System.Web.UI.PageAsyncTaskManager.d__0.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
   at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.ThrowForNonSuccess(Task task)
   at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.HandleNonSuccessAndDebuggerNotification(Task task)
   at System.Web.UI.Page.d__2c.MoveNext()
   at System.Web.UI.Page.HandleError(Exception e)
   at System.Web.UI.Page.d__2c.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
   at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.ThrowForNonSuccess(Task task)
   at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.HandleNonSuccessAndDebuggerNotification(Task task)
   at System.Web.TaskAsyncHelper.EndTask(IAsyncResult ar)
   at ASP.umbraco_settings_editnodetypenew_aspx.EndProcessRequest(IAsyncResult ar) in c:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0.30319\Temporary ASP.NET Files\root\5409f21c\234547e6\App_Web_editnodetypenew.aspx.a5729980.qos-kpyv.0.cs:line 0
   at System.Web.HttpApplication.CallHandlerExecutionStep.OnAsyncHandlerCompletion(IAsyncResult ar)